DEPOSITIONS & OTHER TESTIMONY

DEPOSITIONS & OTHER TESTIMONY: SOME WORDS TO AVOID, SOMETIMES

In litigation, as in any other of life’s various contexts, there are terms to be avoided.  I may provide some of them from time to time.  Here today I want to present four of them, and I assume that you will not feel that I have under-stepped my confinements as I provide you with this information.  Your not in inclined to say “No” true?

Assume.  In deposition after deposition, I have heard lawyers ask witnesses this type of question:

Q. After he told you that, did you assume that his brother had killed their sister, after all?

Or this one:

Q. After she mentioned that to you, did you assume that the building had not burned down after all?

What should the answer be either of these questions?  Often the answer is this:

Q. Yes.

This should never be the answer!  (1)  How long after was the assumption made?  (2) What did the assumption have to do with what was said?  (3) Was there any assumption at all?

Almost invariable, the correct answer is

A. No.

The reason is very simple.  Someones having assumed that a proposition is true is never evidence that the proposition is true.

In fact, technically speaking, to assert that he did assume that the proposition built into the question was true on the basis of what was said is probably false.  What the witness did was to infer that it was true.  Or maybe guess.

Feel.  Consider this one:

Q. How did you feel about what he said?

Often the word, “feel” in this context is trying to find out what the witness thinks, about how she might have changed her mind, were any doubts raised, or what was her guess.

This is not what the word is really about.  Feelings are emotional, not cognitive.  What answers might be appropriate?

A.  I immediately hated his guts.  That made me feel really good.

A. I fell in love with him.  And I felt disgusted with myself almost immediately.

A. I realized that I detested both his wife and his mother.  And so I felt like a shithead.

A. I became very anxious. I haven’t felt like that in years.

A.  I felt delighted, but I didn’t know why.

A. How did you feel about you closest friend during all you youth, when she and your widowed father had sex several weeks ago in the back seat of his Caddy–the one he used, long ago, to take you to school?

The lawyer who feels good about using the word “feel” in a fact-oriented deposition is taking a huge chance.  If the fact about which an inference is sought can be completely buried at trial if the witness wishes to say, “Gracious” or better “Friendly.”  I didn’t realize you were asking about what I had come to believe (or come to hypothesize).  I thought you were asking about how what was said affected me in my gut.  I felt very strong emotions at the time because of you and the way you treated the court reporter.  Aside from my overwhelming feelings at the time, what I actually thought and believed was that condescension is never a virtue, and that you should have listened to your grandmother.”

I don’t know how you are feeling about the topic here, the prose used, or the author.  If it has moved you maybe you’re feeling something.  I doubt you’re assuming much, however, you didn’t believe before you read the essay.

Information.  The word “information” is sometimes confused with the words “true” and/or “truth.”Consider the following questions:

Q#1. When did you first realize that the information provided you was actually false?

Q#2. When did it dawn on you that the unlikely information provided you was really true?

Often the answers are something like these:

A#1. At about 4:00, I awakened again from a fitful sleep, and I realized that the information given me–No, information I spent a lot to get–was false.

A#2. I realized it almost immediately.

The problem with these dialogues is that information by definition true.  There is no such thing as false information.  There are false assertions, or there are propositions that are false but which have been asserted anyway, for one reason or another.  Some propositions are close to true, but they are not information because they are not actually true In addition, one does not realize that information is true.  One realized that what has been said is true–in other words–that it constitutes information.  The answers should go like this:

A#1′. I realized something important. It was that what has been said to me was false, and therefor not information at all.

A#2′.  I realized almost immediately that I was actually receiving information.

These errors are probably less significant that the first two may be.  Perhaps the same may be true for the next one.  Of course, pile of related sentences need not be either true or false as an entirety.  Some may be false and some may be true.  This would mean that some of what has been asserted is information and some of it is not.  In addition a group of false propositions asserted may be informative, even thought they are not information.  Hearing the propositions or seeing them all together may lead the hearer to realize that all of them are false or that only some of them are true.

Maybe the next set is more dangerous than the last.

Double Negatives.  Sometimes questions are asked in the negative.This is especially true about leading questions frequently used  in cross examination.  The creation of the double negative gives the witness a good amount of room to change his mind without impeachment.  Consider the following:

Q. Surely, Shirley, you don’t believe that your husband was having sex with your sister Amanda under the bed.[.][?]

A#1. No.

A#2. No.

The problem is that “No” might mean at least two contradictory things.

A#1 could easily means, “True I do not believe that they were doing that.” In contrast,

A#2 could mean, “What you have said is false. I do believe exactly that.” You are dead wrong.The first answer pertains directly to the facts and is not actually a correct answer to the question.  The second answer pertains to the question itself, and they frequently involve contradictory answers.  Most people, most of the time, think that A#1 is the real answer, but as a matter of elementary semantics this idea isn’t right.

The matter is not done yet.  A#1 is not so simple as one might like.  The problem is that “No” could easily mean, without saying so, that “Yes they were having sex, but not under the bed. They were in the closet.”  Or it could mean, “I do not believe that they were doing that. Amanda’s twin sister certainly was doing exactly that.”

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Depositions & Leading Questions

VALUABLE-LEADING-QUESTION STRATEGIES: CREATE BETTER DEPOSITIONS

Many lawyers taking depositions focus on non-leading questions to find out what the witness is going to say.  They see leading questions as restricted, or best used only, in cross examination.  I am inclined to think that the narrowing process of leading questions is valuable in depositions.  The purpose of this short essay is to experiment with this idea.

Virtually any question can be formulated as a leading question. Consider the following question: “Does the sun rise in the east?” Now consider a translation: “The run rises in the east, true?” This can be done in many ways: “The sun rises in the east, agree?” “You would agree that the sun rises in the east?” “You agree that the sun rises in the east.” With false proposition almost the same can be done. “The sun does not rise in the west, true?” “It is false that the sun rises in the west, correct?”

There is a problem that needs to be discussed right out of the gate.  Leading questions often depend on the use of negatives: “You didn’t do this did you?”  “You don’t know about that, do you?”  The problem with negatives is that the technically true answer is not the same as the customary usage. In theory at least, a negative answer to a negative question can have two meanings.  Consider this:

What does the answer mean?  There are two alternatives:

A#1:  No.  I didn’t do that.

A#2:  No.  It is false that I didn’t do it.

Contrary to received “talk-and-listen” habits, A#2 is the correct answer. Given that this is true.  Counsel taking such a deposition is well advised to avoid what I shall call “pure: negative questions.”  Counsel should use a slightly different formula.

Q: You didn’t do this. True? A: Yes. Or the witness might just say “True,” and stop.Now consider the opposite:A: No. False.

Counsel should insist upon the witness saying either “True” or “False.” An alternative is to ask the witness what he means.  A better alternative  is to say:

Just so I’m sure I’ve understood you, you’ve just said that you did not do that. Have I got that right?  Of course not much is certain, but witnesses are unlikely to keep going around the barn.  The goal in all this is to make sure that the witness cannot later say, “I didn’t understand the question and therefore I didn’t understand what I was saying.”

Another way to deal with a witness’s slithering around later is to ask the witness whether s/he “understands” a given proposition.  Consider this one in an insurance bad faith case:

Q.  Do you agree that the duty of good faith and fair dealing requires that the adjuster “Look for coverage”?A. Yes. B. No.

Either way, you may want to stop right there.  The “Yes” answer sets up criticism of the insurer and its independent adjusters.  And, the “No” answer, sets up devastating criticism for simply giving that answer, since (virtually) all, if not all, adjusters will agree with this propositions.

Now look at this one.  Again, this has to do with “Yes” v. “No” answers, with some other stuff mixed in:

Q. You know who L2 is, don’t you.A. Yes.

Q. You recall that he is a partner in the lawfirm of Quincy, Quigly and Quirky–a law firm of 50–and that he is their specialist in legal malpractice defense cases? A . Yes. [Question: does a question mark really belong there?]

Q. You read his deposition in this case, Yes?A. Yes.  But it’s been a while.  [Already the witness has damaged himself.  Consider using a positive question, “When did you read it? of “When was the last time you read it?” Or the following question in accordance with the protocal in this “essay”:]Q. It’s been a long time has it  not?A. I don’t remember.  [What a wonderful answer.  Do not ask with “Why don’t you remember?!]Q. You haven’t read it more than once, have you?A. Not straight through, but I reviewed it.

Q. The copy you produced here does not have marginalia does it?A. No, but what difference does that make.  [Do not go further.  The lack of markings is  or can be powerful evidence that there was nothing more than a superficial review.  But if you just have to:]

Q. You didn’t produce any notes here this morning did you?A. I did not.  There aren’t any.  Q. You know you reviewed the depo?A. Yes.  [For God’s sake, stop with this line.]

Q. You agree with his view, do you?A. I cannot answer that question .Q.  It is true, in any case: L2 said that act X is, in and of itself, legal malpractice.   You agree with that, true? A. If that is what he said, then I would be happy to agree with him.

Ws should be very careful about giving answers like this.  The witness is here trying to avoid giving an affirmative answer–or really any answer.  S/he has failed.  If he agrees with L2, and L2 said what the deposing counsel said he said, then the witness, W, has agreed with the propositions that L2 asserted.  If it was general, then W has agreed to the general assertion.]At this point, consider showing W the deposition by page and line numbers—MSQ

Q. Given what is set forth here, I set forth L2’s statement correctly, did I not?A. Yes. [Stop!]A. No.  [Stop?  Go on?]

Q. You cannot point to anyways I failed to set forth the substance of L2 statement, can you?Significantly, all professional activities have fundamental principles with which all persons in those positions must agree with.  Rejecting one of these principles is one or the other or both ignorant or unethical.  Here is yet another related situation:

Q. You remember that L2 testified in this case, right?A. If you say so.

Q. His deposition was taken, true?A. I think so.Q. You have read it?A. Yes, but a while back.

Q. Look at p. 1046 at lines 6-13.  Here, I’ll read them to you. [A reading takes place.] Q. Did I read the lines correctly?A. Yes, if I heard you correctly. Q. When he testified that propositions p, q, and r were true, did s/he have it right? Did s/he speak the truth? A.  I can’t answer this  question”Yes” or “No.”  I have a good reason, would you like to hear it?  Q. [An answer in reverse. Not really a question at all.]  No.  Just answer my question.  It is a Yes or No question.  We may go on to what you seem to want to talk about later, if I ask you.  Right now just answer the pending question.

A.  I cannot do that.

This is a very “off” answer.  Either W has it right or wrong.  W needs to say No, if he disagrees.  He should say that and nothing else, until asked. [The depositioner should consider carefully whether to ask any further questions about this. W may have already impeached himself, if the questions up to there have been done right.]

There are some others like these.  I will stop with one more example.  This one involves “Is X consistent with Y.”Here is another from insurance:

Q. Is providing all relevant medical records to the coverage-evaluating physician consistent with the duty of good faith and fair dealing? A. No. [This is not a leading question, technically, but it is designed to get a Yes or No answer.Now what if W’s answer is  A, “I don’t know.” What should L do? Almost certainly L should stop. If the question is clear, W has painted himself into a corner that cannot plausibly be contradicted later. What the witness has just done is to have said that providing all the relevant medical records to the coverage-evaluating physician is inconsistent with the duty of good faith and fair dealing.  To say that X is inconsistent with Y is to say that X and Y contradict each other.  This can be taken to mean that the duty of good faith and fair dealing forbids turning all of the relevant records to the coverage-determining physician.  If the insurer does the latter, it is in bad faith.

Quinn: As one might expect, the “Is X consistent with Y” can do a lot of harm. The opposite can also be true. ConsiderQuestion: Can the question “Is X inconsistent with Y?” obtain the same or similar results?—MSQ

In closing here is a reminder of an extremely important point.   Once a witness has answered the leading or a “Yes v. No” question in a way which is favorable to the deposing lawyer, than s/he should consider stopping right there.  In fact, in my view, the presumption should be: STOP while the having stopped is good.

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Lawyer HowTo for Depositions: A Few Problems & Dealing with Them

I have taken many depositions (100s) and given more than a few (130+) myself.  Here are three problems I have encountered.  They can be thought of by witnesses or by lawyers.  Other ideas may be presented later.

I. Don’t Understand the Question

Often near the first few minutes of a deposition, the depositioner says this (or something like it):

“I want you to answer questions correctly, as I’m sure you do too. So, I want you to be able to do this. I don’t want you to answer a question you don’t understand.  I’m sure you don’t want to do that either.  So, can we agree that if you don’t understand a question you will tell me, and I will try to do better, and if you answer the question we can assume you do understand it. OK?”

A witness should always answer this question, “No”  The witness can always wait for clarification from the depositioner, or s/he might say, “I will probably understand it as you say, but I may not understand it without realizing I don’t understand it, and in that case, I will go back and correct what I have said.  I may then need to hear the question again and then analyze it before answering.

The lawyer for the witness, the one protecting the record, should teach the wisdom of this approach and train the witness to do it.  Training sessions will not hurt.

II. Analyzing Questions

A witness should always feel free to analyze any complex question. Sometimes this can be done by a discussion with deposing counsel.  “Did you mean this or mean that?  If the witness is dealing with a complex hypo or a complicated question about facts, it is best for the witness to haul out a lined tablet and construct a list of the components of the question.  Numbering the elements of the question is a good idea.  Often it is necessary or might be a good thing to apply the same kind of analysis to components of the question.  Obviously, this should not be used solely as a device to show the depositions down.  (Of course, that is tempting to do when there is a time limit on the deposition.)

III. Counter Questions

Sometimes witnesses feel the need to ask questions of deposing counsel.  Quite often deposing counsel says this to the witness, “This is my deposition.  I am not here to answer questions  You are to do that, not me.  So simply answer my questions.  Do you need to hear it again?”  A witness might respond to the lawyer’s criticism this way:  “This is not your deposition.  It is my deposition. I am the one that is sworn ‘to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth,’ so I have the right to make sure that I am not somehow being misled.”

Now, the word “mislead” may not be the right word, so something else might be used.  It varies with the circumstances.  An addition to the witness’s response can sometimes be found on the Deposition Notice or on the Subpoena.  It may say “your” deposition will be. . . .

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KICKING CANS DOWN ROADS

This essay is going to sound like a political tract of sorts, and to some extent it is.  It is also, however, a reflection on parts of the legal system.   It will consist of a few opening remarks, and then sets of questions, plus a few reflections on the meanings of the questions and some potential answers to those questions.

I am interested in the phrase “kicking the can down the road.”  Usually, this phrase is used as a locution of criticism, as in “We should not be accepting their suggested solution to our common problem since it would just be kicking the can down the road.” —MSQ

I have never heard anyone say, “Let’s just kick the can down the road for now.”  It sounds shallow and lazy.  It sounds cowardly, or–at least–unnecessarily risk aversive, inattentive to public policy, or –better yet–inattentive to the common good, and lacking in a commitment to sound (usually political) leadership.

Now let’s think about the phrase:  KICK THE CAN DOWN THE ROAD.  The phrase is now a cliche, and it’s hard to see how a phrase can always have been a cliche.  It must have had a start in usage before it became a cliche.  It’s too bad when neat, elegant metaphors become common usage. Their power is destroyed.  Never mind, let’s look at the component of the phrase.

KICKING

Why kick rather than throw?  Isn’t throwing more accurate (usually) than kicking?  Does it (throwing) not usually go further? 

What’s the relevant image? Soccer? Probably not; No roads, in that game? 

The image of kicking cans down a road presupposes that there is no other side trying to prevent the kick, does it not?  Or cut down on the distance?  Or ruin the game somehow or other?

Can kicking on roadways may be done alone, but it quite often involves groups?  When groups are involved is there not usually a game when this sort of thing is going on? 

If it’s a game, it is a well-known game activity with well-established rules, like jacks? If there are rules, are they made up on the spot–say, as the expedition progresses.

Or is there just informal competition?  If it is a competition, is it not usually who can kick the can further.  Or can it be done simply for the fun and beauty of it?

Does the image sound like a child or children on a dirt road?  Backyards are no roads of any kind.  This activity is more common for boys than for girls, just as jumping rope is more common for girls than boys?  Ethnic groups?  Would various mixes make any difference?

I have never seen boys kicking cans down a road when they were enemies.  Can enemy boys, together, kick a can down a road?  Is that consistent with the image to be remembered?

Does the image one has of two boys (or girls, or a mix) kicking a can down a road include the idea of running fast while doing it?Is it not usually imagined as involving a walk? Is can-kicking in this activity likely injurious to one’s feet?  Or to the rest of one’s body?  Or to the person in general?  Is there foot apparel one should not wear?  Or can the can simply be kicked with virtually any footwear, and if so, what and which?  Is it true that a woman doing this should not wear heels?  Stilettos?

Can kicking a can be a useful activity?  For example, can it take one’s mind off a pressing, complex, and so far unsolvable problem?  Or an emotional state? 

Since corporations are not persons, one would think that they can now have emotional states.  Political parties? Governments? Any odd thing which can be true of a corporation is automatically have-able by another organization?  A law firm?—MSQ

Can you ponder, reflect, and/or meditate while you are kicking a can down a road?  Can one create new ideas, and set aside old ones, while kicking the can?  What about prayer?  Or its siblings and cousins?

Can one be drinking, etc., while kicking and still be doing it right?  Does it fit the image of what two boys, stoned out of their minds would really be “kicking a can down the road”?  (Alas, can one really think otherwise.  Didn’t some of us smoke when we did it?)

THE CAN

Why a can?  Why not a teddy bear? Or something of the sort: an elephant? A donkey?

Do we all have the image of the can as empty?  Probably bright?And probably a metal that is or looks like tin?  Or have times changed on that?

Is the can empty?  Would it make any difference?  If it had a very light content Wouldn’t that have any effect, except maybe for the racket?  Isn’t it obvious that heavy content would make a bit quite a bit of difference?  [This is an important point “philosophically” as we shall see.]

How big is the can?  What difference would it make, if any?

Does it make any difference whether the outside wrapping is on it?What about the brand name?  And related information?

Does it make any difference if the can has been kicked before?  By the same “guys”?  By a wholly different group?  During a different season?  By one guy as a way to ponder and pray? 

Does it matter if the can is dented?  How many?  How big?

In general, how might the can generate kick-ability factors?  How many can there be at once? THE ROAD

Doesn’t use the road, rather the surrounding areas, suggest an easier activity than scrounging around in nearby bushes?  Or get it out of a pond?

Then again, is it not more difficult to keep the can on the roadway?How wide is the road?  How many lanes?  If any? 

Can it be useful to kick a can down a road when that’s the direction one is heading but one can’t get there in one swishing swoop?

Does it matter whether–or, really, the extent to which–the road is flat? Uphill? Downhill? Curved?

For a particular activity, how does gravel versus dirt come into play?  Can you envision, “Ladies and gentlemen, we shouldn’t be kicking this can down that gravel road!”?

Can a bridge be treated as a road?  Cab a dock be thus treated?  What about a beach upon which cars or motorcycles drag up and down?  Having just been tractored?

DOWN

Is this one easy?  Does hilliness matter to the inquiry and thinking?Steepness?

Of course, these questions have already been set forth. Nevertheless, shouldn’t one attend to the fact that “down” is the work and not “up”?—MSQ

Does it matter if the road being invoked is next to a cliff?  Which is next to an ocean?  A raging river? Any river?  A stream? An abyss?

Does “down” imply (or suggest) a long way?  Is a shorter distance really a “down”?  (Probably, as a matter of semantics, the answer to this one is linguistically self-evident.  Maybe I’m just being a lawyer and covering all the bases. Surely, a boring, boring, boring component of the practice of law..

Is enough, enough?  Can “enough” be too much?   In any case, this is a good stopping place as to the recitation of abstract questions, isn’t it? CONCLUSION AS TO THE ABSTRACT

It is perfectly obvious that the cliche “kick the can” is not a simple phrase and treating it as such is nothing but dodging real and important questions.  Of course, not all of “Quinn’s Questions” need to be asked in any controversy.  Still, lots of them should.  It will bring meaning to life, and where a good idea, it will bring criticism into clarity and therefore–sometimes–into the realm of refutation. 

Also, while the predominant image, around and about, is of two kids kicking a can down a road, the can is empty or nearly so.  But the point of the cliche is to emphasize the importance of the subject and the “evils” of just kicking it down a road.  This means that the can would have to have something in it–indeed, something heavy.  But this destroys the metaphor.  The metaphor becomes something contradictory. 

That is an absurd image, unless–of course–it is intended to be comical. Imagine a saying that hinges on adult men and women kicking down a dirt road with the deliberate purpose of at least one of the kickers trying to avoid getting anywhere serious. 

The saying is so incoherent that one might as well try to make a feasible and actually coherent political exhortation  out of a negative modification of a line from the great Twentieth-Century American philosopher, Cole Porter:  “I get a kick out of you.”

OBSERVATIONS ON LEGAL PROCESS

Now, let’s ignore the ridiculous character of the cliche.  Let’s instead let’s apply the absurd image to the legal system while looking the other way from its absurdity.

Often, delay conjoined with “moving along” is a good thing.  Can kicking does not even imply that those walking on the road are lazy, distracted, or stupid.  It also does not imply that they are “idiots” or children.  It does not so much as suggest that children are standing in the way of adults moving forward–blocking the roadway by their presence or by leaving some cans in the road. 

This point has been known in negotiations.  At least there, it is well understood that so long as those involved are moving along kicking their way, the negotiation is making progress.  This general point applies to settling lawsuits.  Maybe it’s a good way to formulate the Getting to Yes approach, which is the noblest of all approaches to negotiation and the hardest to fit into the context of two-party litigation.

Can opposing counsel work toward truly professional trial activity by doing some kicking of the can? 

Should opposing counsel ever say to a judge, “We need to kick the can down the road a bit more before we attempt to try the case?

Should a judge, or group of judges, deciding a case, agree among themselves to kick at least one of the cans involved in a specified road?  Even if the walk carries over from term to term?  Isn’t the image of can-kicking more attractive than the image of simply delaying?

In short, to the extent that the legal profession does not appreciate the positive qualities of kicking a can down a road, it needs to expand its view, and that may involve another form of can-kicking, only this time it would be “meta-kicking of the can.” 

As I already said, to make this work for the legal system, one has to ignore the absurdity of the actual image.  We do not think of judges and lawyers as a bunch of kids having fun on dirt and dusty road with a small tin can which will eventually disappear, after having been denied and may be broken up.  Maybe the idea of making the image a helpful one won’t work after all.  Maybe–just maybe–the negatively modified Cole Porter line will work here. —MSQ

P.S. In July or August or 2017 some political scalawag in U.S. politics suggested that it was better to kick cans down roads than to kick the asses of children in the immediate present.  I can’t find the quote on the Net. I must say that it seems correct if we are talking about paying for the medical misfortunes of children. Obvious point. Barely worth mentioning. Shown one the state of American politics in the first year of the short “Age of the Sorry Trumpet.  

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Very Short Commentary: Eleven Commandments

Comments:  This blog might be called  “Quinn’s Eleven Commandments”; It includes some comments.  some comments. The reader should remember that this list and to some extent the comments are intended to be simplistic, but quick and helpful guides.  Occasionally, I have had these at CLE conferences.  Every once in a while, I am told that lawyers have pinned them up to their walls. Obviously, I am greatly complimented. Of course, I am not suggesting that some really need to do something like this. Most of you will know all of the “Commandments,” and many of the comments.  Perhaps the comment on the section will come as a little bit of a surprise.

I.   You are the client’s fiduciary. Study its meaning. Two features: (1) Q: Whose interests come first, for example? A: Clients! = “uberrima fides.” (2) Q. How    important is the client? A. Maximally!

II. Do not gouge the client(s)—even a little bit.

III. Do not lie (with one puzzling exception, maybe).

IV. Perform well promptly. (Two commandments in one.)

V. Serve vigorously but silently, Speak completely with clients, sometimes“insistently,” and argumentatively. Do not hold your peace. Never just tell the client what s/he wants to hear.

VI. Don’t do the crime, at all, ever. Resist the temptation of any sort.

VII. Avoid unnecessary duels. Always advise client: the unnecessary is almost always irrational.

VIII. Invariably exhibit civility. It can always be part of vigor—indeed, an impressive and powerful component. Besides, lawyer honor demands it. It costs nothing.

IX. No dirty clashes! No cheating! C-IX is true even if few actions bring more pleasure than bedeviling the devil.) Vigor does not demand dirt.

X. Get needed help timely on individual problems (legal and otherwise). If prep precedes, no adverse impression. No shame here.

XI. Embrace, receive, respond, and provide appropriate help, i.e., systematic general help, without hesitation., where possible. Systematic intelligent, restrained pursuit is advisable. Get more than one mentor=pass the load.

This list will be repeated in another blog with short commentaries on the Commandments.

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Quinn Quotes

All aphorisms are false. Paradoxically, their negations can seldom be proved true. ~Michael Sean Quinn, PhD, JD, CPCU, Etc.Tweet

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Michael Sean Quinn, PhD, JD, CPCU, Etc*., is available as an expert witness in insurance disputes and other litigation matters. Contact